The Sign of Jonah

Anton Wierix after Bernardino Passeri, The Sign of Jonah
 From Evangelicae historiae imagines by JeromeNadal
Flemish, 1593
Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum

This engraving illustrates the passage from Luke's Gospel.  Jesus is seen
in the foreground speaking to the people, while the background presents 
the Old Testament references.  A lettered key below the picture explains 
the meaning.  See the note * at the end of this article for the English 

translations.

"While still more people gathered in the crowd, Jesus said to them,
"This generation is an evil generation;
it seeks a sign, but no sign will be given it,
except the sign of Jonah.
Just as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites,
so will the Son of Man be to this generation.
At the judgment
the queen of the south will rise with the men of this generation
and she will condemn them,
because she came from the ends of the earth
to hear the wisdom of Solomon,
and there is something greater than Solomon here.
At the judgment the men of Nineveh will arise with this generation and condemn it,
because at the preaching of Jonah they repented,
and there is something greater than Jonah here.”

(Luke 11:29-32) 

Gospel for Wednesday in the First Week of Lent*

In the Gospel reading for the Wednesday in the First Week of Lent Jesus speaks of the “sign of Jonah”. Just what is that?

The story of Jonah relates how, after receiving the call of God to preach repentance to the town of Nineveh (in today’s Iraq) Jonah was afraid and tried to run away from his mission by sea. The ship he was traveling in was caught by a fierce storm and the sailors blamed Jonah (presumably the only passenger). To appease the sea they threw Jonah overboard (at his own suggestion), where he was swallowed by “a great fish” (later ages would call it a whale or, sometimes, a sea monster). However, Jonah was not digested by the fish, but remained alive in its belly. Jonah prayed to God, asking for deliverance and he was delivered. After three days and nights the fish spat him out. After this ordeal Jonah did go to Nineveh, where his preaching was successful.1

The meaning of this “sign” is clear to Christians. As Jonah was in the belly of the fish for three days and nights and was returned unharmed to dry land, so Jesus remained three days in the tomb and returned glorified. But, unlike the people of Nineveh, who repented after hearing Jonah’s preaching, not all will recognize the preaching of Jesus and His followers. 

Jonah Thrown Into the Sea
Roman, mid-4th century
Rome, Catacomb of Priscilla

This parallel between Jonah’s three days and nights buried, as it were, in the belly of the fish and Jesus’ time buried in the tomb caused the earliest Christians to see Jonah as a precursor of Jesus, a type or sign of what was to come. Not surprisingly, therefore, images of Jonah became popular among early Christians. In fact “Next to the Good Shepherd, Jonah was the most popular biblical character, appearing in Early Christian visual art ten times more than any other figure. Jonah is also unique in that he is depicted as part of a narrative sequence. Paintings and relief sculpture alike show him being tossed over the side of the boat (into the sea monster’s mouth), being spit up again, and reclining on dry land.”2

Epigraph Tomb Slab with an Engraved Jonah, the Sea Monster and a Dove
Roman, Second Half of the 4th Century
Vatican City, Vatican Museums, Pio Cristiano Museum

Early Christian Art

In the visual arts, Christianity was barely out of the era of discreet and tightly held symbolism, where the main visual expression was simple symbols, such as the well known outlined fish (ichthys) or the anchor or the Chi Rho, when Jonah began to appear. This is not too surprising. Since the Hebrew Bible was known to the wider Roman public, stories from it could be read by the uninitiated at their face value. The deeper, Christian, meaning of the story of Jonah would be grasped by those who understood the parallels. So, to some extent, even while readable as a straightforward story to all, the Jonah images were still symbolic to Christians.

Early images appear in several media: sculpture, painting, decorations on glass, beginning (so far as we currently know) in the late 3rd century. Some examples are shown here.   They include paintings, sarcophagi and other sculpture.

Sarcophagus Front with Jonah and Christian Scenes
Marble, Rome, Late 3rd Century
Vatican City, Vatican Museums, Museo Pio-Cristiano

Detail of the Sarcophagus Front (above) with Jonah and Christian Scenes
Marble, Rome, Late 3rd Century
Vatican City, Vatican Museums, Museo Pio-Cristiano

Jonah Swallowed
Asia Minor, Late 3rd Century
Cleveland, Museum of Art

Jonah Cast Up
Asia Minor, Late 3rd Century
Cleveland, Museum of Art

Marble Table Base with Jonah Swallowed and Cast Up
Asia Minor, Early 4th Century
New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Middle Ages

By the Middle Ages, the sign of Jonah had become a widely recognized “type” or prefiguration for the Entombment of Jesus following the Crucifixion.  

For example, in the Klosterneuburg Altarpiece of Nicholas of Verdun, made in 1181 for the abbey church where it still remains, it appears as the “type” for the period “Under the Law”.

Section of Klosterneuburg Altarpiece showing the three levels.  

At the top Joseph is thrown into the well, in the middle Jesus is placed in the tomb, at the bottom Jonah is thrown to the fish.

The scenes in the altarpiece are divided into three tiers: at the top are the scenes that took place “Before the Law” (that is, before the Exodus), at the bottom are the scenes that took place “Under the Law” (that is, between the Exodus and the Incarnation). In the middle row are the scenes “Under Grace”, that is from the New Testament. In this case, Jonah is thrown into the mouth of the fish at the bottom, Joseph is thrown into the well at the top and Jesus is placed in the tomb in the middle.

Understanding Through "Types"

This use of “types” was also common in manuscript painting during the Middle Ages. This appears particularly in such popular books of secular devotion as Books of Hours or the Speculum humanae salvationis (The Mirror of Human Salvation) which prompted readers to connect scenes from the Old and New Testaments as a way of understanding both.  This is done in the same manner (and usually with the same subjects) as were used in the Klosterneuburg Altarpiece.  That is:  Joseph being thrown into the well (Before the Law), the Entombment of Jesus (Under Grace) and Jonah being eaten by the whale (Under the Law).  All three subjects are generally used, but occasionally only two may be chosen and, in a few cases, an extra, fourth subject may be added, taken from either the Old or the New Testament.

Entombment of Christ and Jonah Thrown into the Sea
From a Book of Hours
Dutch, ca. 1425
The Hague, Koninklijk Bibliotheek
MS 133 M 131, fol. 90v and 91r
On the left page is the Entombment, while the capital on the right page is Jonah

Circle of the Master of the Mansel, Joseph Is Thrown Down the Well, Jonah is Thrown into the Sea, Jesus Breaks Down the Gates of Hell and an Angel Brings Relief to Souls in Purgatory
From a Speculum humanae salvationis
French (Saint-Omer), c. 1450
Saint-Omer, Bibliotheque municipale
MS 183, fol. 28v-29r

Jonah Thrown Overboard and Jonah Cast Out by the Whale
From a Speculum humanae salvationis
Flemish (Bruges), c. 1460
Chicago, Newberry Library
MS 40, fol. 28r

The Rambures Master, Joseph Thrown into the Well, Entombment of Jesus, and
Jonah Thrown to the Fish
From a Biblia pauperum
French (Hesdin or Amiens), ca. 1470
The Hague, Meermano Museum
MS MMW 10 A 15, fol. 33r

One manuscript from the very end of this period, in about the year 1500, uses two separate groupings of "types" to teach its readers.  One group centers around the Entombment of Jesus and includes events related to the theme of burial.  The other focuses on the Resurrection and uses events related to that theme.  The story of Jonah appears in both sets of pictures.

The Master of Edward IV, The Entombment of Jesus, David Mourning Abner, Joseph Thrown Down the Well and Jonah Thrown Overboard
From a Miroir de l'humaine salvation
French, c. 1500
Chantilly, Musée Condé
MS 139, fol. 40

The Master of Edward IV, The Resurrection, Samson Carrying Off the Gates of Gaza, Jonah Cast Out by the Whale and the Stone Rejected by the Builders
From a Miroir de l'humaine salvation
French, c. 1500
Chantilly, Musée Condé
MS 139, fol. 45

Biblical Illustrations

However, the most common use of images of the story of Jonah, from the early medieval period into the Renaissance and beyond, is simply as a Biblical illustration, independent of typology. Examples of this view of Jonah also abound in manuscript illumination, painting, sculpture and later in prints and ceramics.

The Story of Jonah
From Cantica with Commentary
Byzantine (Constantinople), Mid-9th Century
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France
MS Grec 139, fol. 431v

The Story of Jonah
From the Golden Munich Psalter
English (Oxford), c. 1200-1225
Munich, Bayerisches Staatsbibliothek
MS Clm 835, fol. 111v

Jonah Cast Out by the Whale
From a Bible
French (South), c. 13th-14th Century
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France
MS Latin 37 (Vol. 3), fol. 236r

The Master of the Roman de Fauvel, Jonah Cast Out by the Whale
From a Bible historiale by Guiard des Moulins
French (Paris), c. 1320-1330
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France
MS Francais 8, fol. 342r

Jonah Cast Out of the Whale
From a Bible historiale by Guiard des Moulins
French (Paris), c. 1350-1375
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France
MS Francais 162, fol. 130v

Jonah Cast Out by the Whale
From a Bible historiale by Guiard des Moulins
Franch (Paris), c. 1400
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France
MS Francais 10, fol. 452v

The Master of Boethius, Jonah Thrown Overboard
From Jewish Antiquities by Flavius Josephus
Flemish (Bruges), 1483
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France
MS Francais 13, fol. 240

Jonah Thrown into the Sea
French, Late 15th Century
Paris, Musée de Cluny - Musée national du Moyen Âge

Michelangelo, Jonah
Italian, c. 1508-1512
Vatican City, Apostolic Palace, Sistine Chapel

In this famous fresco from the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo treats the whale more as an attribute of Jonah than as a part of the Biblical narrative.

Tintoretto, Jonah Cast Out By the Fish
Italian, c. 1577-1578
Venice, Scuola Grande di San Rocco

Majolica Plate Depicting Jonah Cast Out by the Whale
French, Late 16th Century
Cleveland, Museum of Art

Antonius Wierix the Younger after Maerten de Vos, Jonah Cast on Shore by the Fish
Flemish, c. 1585
New  York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of Drawings and Print

Crispijn van de Passe after Martin de Vos, Jonah Cast Out
From The Story of Jonah
Flemish, c. 1600
Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado

Paul Bril, Voyage of Jonah
Flemish, ca. 1600
Lille, Musée des Beaux-Arts

This is a copy by the artist of a painting done for the interior of the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) at Saint John Lateran in Rome. 4

James Tissot, Jonah
French, c. 1896-1902
New York, The Jewish Museum
From Tissot's series of illustrations of the Old Testament.

The “sign of Jonah” can be as easily understood today as it has been at any time since the Gospel of Luke was written slightly over 1,900 years ago. 3  Unless, of course, it is treated as the subject of a children's toy.

Rose Campbell-Gerke, Toy Bank:  'Jonah and the Whale'
American, c. 1939
Washington, National Gallery of Art

 ________________
*  See also Matthew 12:38-42 and 16:1-4.  The translations for the comments on the first image are:

A House in Capernaum. 

B Some of the Scribes and Pharisees maliciously ask for a sign. 

C Christ, in his spirit of zeal, answered them again: An evil generation, etc.

D Jonah flees: He is swallowed up and cast out by Cetus (the whale); He came to Nineveh; He preached.

E Solomon on the throne of his glory, to whom the Queen of Sheba came.  (The Queen of Sheba is also known as the Queen of the South.) 

F A man from whom one demon had come out. 

G Seven other devils rushed upon him.

1. Jonah, Chapters 1-3 can be accessed at http://www.usccb.org/bible/jonah/1

2. Robin M. Jensen, “Early Christian Images and Exegesis”, in Spier, Jeffrey, et al., Picturing the Bible, The Earliest Christian Art, New Haven and Fort Worth, Yale University Press in association with the Kimball Art Museum, 2007, p. 71.

3. Most scholars place the date for the Gospel of Luke in the last decade of the first century, AD 80-90. See http://www.usccb.org/bible/scripture.cfm?bk=Luke&ch=

4.  The Bril frescoes have recently been restored.  See:  http://www.vatican-patrons.org/wishbook2012/Scala_Santa.pdf as well as http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8376263.stm and http://calitreview.com/5547  The restoration has completely changed one's view of Bril's work.


© M. Duffy, 2012, Revised with additional information and images 2024.

Excerpts from the Lectionary for Mass for Use in the Dioceses of the United States of America, second typical edition © 2001, 1998, 1997, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc., Washington, DC. Used with permission. All rights reserved. No portion of this text may be reproduced by any means without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

"I set my bow in the clouds"

 

Jean Joubert, The Sacrifice of Noah
French, c. 1721-1725
Paris, Musee du Louvre, Département des Arts graphiques

“God said to Noah and to his sons with him:

"See, I am now establishing my covenant with you

and your descendants after you

and with every living creature that was with you:

all the birds, and the various tame and wild animals

that were with you and came out of the ark.

I will establish my covenant with you,

that never again shall all bodily creatures be destroyed

by the waters of a flood;

there shall not be another flood to devastate the earth."

God added:

"This is the sign that I am giving for all ages to come,

of the covenant between me and you

and every living creature with you:

I set my bow in the clouds to serve as a sign

of the covenant between me and the earth.

When I bring clouds over the earth,

and the bow appears in the clouds,

I will recall the covenant I have made

between me and you and all living beings,

so that the waters shall never again become a flood

to destroy all mortal beings."

Genesis 9:8-15

(First Reading for the First Sunday of Lent, Year B)

 

The New Beginnings of Lent

Lent is a time for new beginnings.  Each year Christians are invited to think again, to reform their lives, to start anew in their efforts to follow Christ.  In the liturgical readings also there are new beginnings.  Each year the Gospel for the first Sunday of Lent is drawn from the account of the temptations of Christ from each of the Synoptic Gospels in turn.  The temptations of Christ mark the beginning of the public ministry of Jesus, the point at which he leaves his hitherto quiet life in Nazareth and takes to the roads of Galilee and Judea, gathering disciples and preaching the good news of the Kingdom of God.  In Year B the first, Old Testament, reading is also the story of a new beginning. 

 

The Story of Noah

It is the end of the story of Noah and the great Flood.  In this story Noah receives God’s command to build a huge ship, an ark, big enough for himself, his wife, his family and two of every animal alive.  God tells him that he is about to destroy the sinful people of the earth with a great Flood, but that Noah and his family and the animals they bring with them will survive to repopulate the cleansed earth.  Noah does as he is commanded.  He builds the ark, in spite of the derision of his neighbors and, at a further command from God, he loads the ship with one pair of all the animals on the earth, plus the food for all of them.  Then he and his family board as well and the rains come and come and come and come.  The earth floods and remains flooded for months.  All living things not on board the ark die in the waters.  It takes further months for the water to begin to evaporate.

Master of the Livre du Sacre of Charles V, Noah and His Wife in the Ark
From a Speculum historiale by Vincent of Beavais
French (Paris), c. 1370-1380
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de Franc
MS Nouvelle acquisition francaise 15939, fol. 26v

In this charming image, Noah and his wife peer out of the ark as a raven leaves and a dove returns from a scouting mission.  As yet there is no rainbow.  The blue, white and red circle at the upper right is a symbolic representation of the sun amid clouds.  In addition, it is behind the ark so that Noah and his wife cannot even see it.

Eventually Noah sends out birds, ravens and a dove, to see if there is any dry land.  The birds are unsuccessful at first, but eventually they bring him evidence that the land has dried sufficiently for plants to begin to grow again.  The ark finally comes to rest on a mountain and the people and the animals leave and begin to spread out over the earth again.  At this point Noah prepares a sacrifice to thank God for saving them and it is then that God speaks once again.  He announces that he will make an agreement, a covenant, with Noah and his family to never again drown all living things.  The covenant includes not only the humans but all the other living things that were aboard the ark.  And the sign of the covenant will be the rainbow that appears in the sky after rain.  It will be a reminder that God will never again so completely devastate the earth with water. 

 

Master of Coeetivy, Scenes from the Old Testament, Noah in the Ark
From Histoire ancienne jusqu'a Cesar
French (Paris), c. 1460-1465
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France
MS Francais 64, fol. 17r (detail)

This image moves the appearance of the rainbow to the time that Noah is still in the ark, sending out the birds as scouts.

The Rainbow

Rainbows have always seemed a trifle magical.  Even now, when we understand the physical mechanism that makes them, the breakdown of light into the color spectrum that occurs as the light passes through raindrops, there is still something ethereal and otherworldly about them.  Imagine how it must have seemed to people who did not realize how the shining, translucent arch of colors was created!  No wonder that the biblical authors imagined this thing of beauty was a sign of God’s benevolence, for the rainbow usually means that the rain is over of at least that it is ending. 

For artists, picturing a rainbow may be a bit daunting.  Real rainbows are subtle and ephemeral.  Such an effect isn’t easy to reproduce, especially so before the development of oil paint in the later middle ages, so they mostly were content to depict a rainbow as solid, multicolored bands forming an arch shape. 

 

Early Depictions:  Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages

While depictions of Noah and the ark date from the earliest works of Christian art following the Edict of Milan in 315, these images focus primarily on the central act of the story, the building, stocking and survival of the ark during the Flood.  Images of the aftermath do not appear for some time.  The earliest one I was able to find dates from the sixth century copy of the Book of Genesis, known as the Vienna Genesis.  

Early depictions of the rainbow sign of the covenant between God and Man generally interpret the story simply, as an image that focuses on the confrontation between God, whether shown in full figure or as just a symbolic hand extended from the heavens, and Noah.  It appears in virtually every medium available.

 

The Rainbow of the Covenant
From the Vienna Genesis
Greek, 6th century
Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek
MS Codex Vindobonensis theol. grec. 31

God Tells Noah to Leave the Ark and Makes a Covenant with Him
Italian, 11th-12th Century
Salerno, Museo Diocesano San Matteo

Mosaic Artist, God Makes a Covenant with Noah
Byzantine, c. 1150-1171
Palermo, Palazzo dei Normanni, Cappella Palatina

The Sacrifice of Noah
Italian, c. 1147-1189
Monreale, Church of Santa Maria la Nuova

You may have to enlarge this to see the tiny figure of God peering down from a cloud to talk to Noah.

Mosaic Artist, The Sacrifice of Noah
Byzantine, c. 1180-1189
Monreale, Church of Santa Maria Nuova

God's Covenant with Noah
From a Commentary on Psalms 1-50 by Simon of Tournnai
French, c. 11950-1205
New  York, Pierpont Morgan Library
MS M 338, fol. 145r

The illuminator of this work decided to show the event with three separate pictures, not as a unified whole.  Therefore, Noah and God appear as small figures within the decorative capital letters of the text, while the rainbow appears at the top of the page.

The Sign of God's Promise
French, 12th-13th Century
Chartres, Cathedral of Notre Dame

God's Covenant with Noah
German, c. 1335
Wienhausen, Evangelical Convent and Former Cistercian Cloister of Saint Mary

Paolo Uccello, The Sacrifice of Noah and God's Covenant with Noah
From Scenes from the life of Noah
Italian, c. 1447-1448
Florence, Church of Santa Maria Novella, Green Cloister

The Renaissance, Mannerism and the Proto-Baroque

The same holds true for works produced in the periods known as the Renaissance and Mannerist periods.  During these periods woodcuts and engravings came to replace painted illuminations as the illustrations in books.  And both mural and panel painting spread far and wide.  

 

    Book Illustrations

Mongrammist FA, God Shows Noah and His Family the Rainbow
German, Early 16th Century
Dresden, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Kupferstich-Kabinett

Monogrammist MS, Scenes from the story of Noah after the Flood
From a Luther Bible
German, 1534
London, Trustees of the British Museum

Hans Bol for Gerard de Jode, After the Flood_
Flemish, c. 15510-1600
Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek

Philips Galle After Maarten van Heemskerck, The Sacrifice of Noah
From The Disasters of the Jewish People
Flemish, 1569
Philadelphia, Museum of Art

    Tapestry

Willem de Pannemaker after Michiel Coxie the Elder, God Blesses Noah's Family
Flemish, After 1567
Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum

    Paintings

    The Bassano Workshop

One interesting sidelight on the paintings of this subject is that the Italian Bassano family seems to have developed a specialty in painting this subject.  There are numerous paintings attributed to the members of the family, whether by actual documentation or by attribution.  What is most interesting about them, however, is their uniform manner of telling this story.  No matter the attribution and no matter the actual manner of painting, the compositions are virtually identical.  It appears that there was one family blueprint for painting the subject, which every member followed.

Workshop of Bassano family, The Sacrifice of Noah After the Deluge
Italian, Second Half of the 16th Century
Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado

Leandro Bassano, The Sacrifice of Noah After the Deluge
Italian, c. 1575-1600
Madrid, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando

Jacopo Bassano, The Sacrifice of Noah After the Deluge
Italian, c. 1580-1592
Rome, Galleria Borghese

    Other Painters

Baldassare Croce, God's Covenant with Noah
Italian, c. 1587-1588
Rome, San Giovanni in Laterano Complex, Scala Santa, Left Stairway

Antonio Viviani, The Sacrifice of Noah
Italian, c. 1585-1596
Rome, Palazzo Barberini

The Growing Absence of God

One thing that really surprised me while I was working on assembling the pictures for this essay was that, over the course of the sixteenth century, the figure of God disappears from many works of art.  He is either missing entirely or has been replaced by the tetragrammaton, the Hebrew name for God, written in Hebrew letters.

Pieter van der Borcht, The Sacrifice of Noah and the Covenant with God
From Imagines et Figurae Bibliorum
Flemish, 1581
London, Trustees of the British Museum

 

Attributed to Symon Novelanus, The Sacrifice of Noah
From Figurae et imagines bibliorum
Dutch, c. 1600
Amserdam, Rijksmuseum

Crispijn de Passe the Elder, God Enters into a Covenant with Noah
From a Genesis
Dutch, 1612
New York, Met, Drawings and Prints

The Baroque Period

This continues during the Baroque period, when one is as likely to find the image of God as the find the tetragrammaton or absolutely nothing as the source of the rainbow.  In general, the tendency is toward a less miraculous rendering for the source of the rainbow, indeed, often resulting in the depiction of only the rainbow itself.  

Nicolas Poussin, The Sacrifice of Noah
French, First Half of the17th Century
Knutsford, Cheshire (UK), National Trust, Tatton Park

Johann  König, The Sacrifice of Noah
German, c. 1620-1630
Berlin, Gemäldegalerie der Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Noah and his family can be seen in the left middle ground offering their sacrifice to God. who appears at the top of the picture.  The foreground is littered with the bodies of those who drowned in the Flood.

Nicolas Poussin, The Sacrifice of Noah
French, c. 1620s
Paris, Musee du Louvre, Département des Arts graphiques

Although this drawing bears many resemblances to the painting above, there are also some significant differences.  It represents Poussin's thought process in design.  

Matthaues Merian I, Noah and His Family After the Flood
From Icones Biblicae
German (Frankfurt-am-Main), c. 1625-1630
London, Trustees of the British Museum

This is an example of an image that uses the tetragrammaton to represent God instead of a figure.

Pietro da Cortona, God's Covenant with Noah
Italian, c. 1645
Florence, Palazzo Pitti

Cornelis Cort after Maarten van Heemskerck, The Sacrifice of Noah
From an Illustrated Bible
Dutch, 1646 (after drawing of 1558-1560
Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum

Another image using the tetragrammaton as a substitute for the figure of God.

Lodovico Gimignani, The Alliance Between God and Noah
 Allegory on the House of Pamphili
Italian, c. Second Half of 17th Century
London, The Courtauld Gallery

Pietro Santo Bartoli After Raphael, God Shows the Rainbow to Noah
Italian, c. 1650-1677
Vienna, The Albertina

Pieter Hendrickszoon Schut, The Covenant Between God & Noah
From the Series Toneel ofte vertooch der Bybelsche historien
Dutch, 1659
Ghent, Museum voor Schone Kunsten

Another image using the tetragrammaton as a substitute for the figure of God.

Franz Karl Bueeler, The Sacrifice of Noah and the Sacrifice of the Mass
Swiss, c. 1660
Bischofszell (SZ),  Historical Museum

This really interesting stained glass roundel equates the daily sacrifice of the Mass with the sacrifice of Noah after the Flood.  He has chosen the moment at which the priest begins the Eucharistic Prayer with the admonition to "Lift up your hearts" (Sursum corda).  As Noah and his family lift up their eyes to see God and the rainbow of his covenant, so we lift  up our hearts toward God who will become present at the consecration which is soon to follow.

Franz Friedrich Franck, The Sign of Peace Between God and Men
German, 1667
Augsburg, Lutheran Church of Saint Ulrich

A note from the picture source suggests that the texts at top and bottom were added later and are not contemporary with the picture.  The top caption reads: "A covenant binds us to the Father", while the bottom caption reads: "You create peace between God and the world".

Juan Antonio de Frias y Escalante, Noah and His Family After the Flood
Spanish, 1668
Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado

Nicolas Fontaine, The Going Out of the Ark and the Rainbow
From The History of the Old and the New Testament
French, c. 1688-1690
Washington, Folger Shakespeare Library, Folger Digital Image Collection

The image of God and even the tetragrammaton is here replaced by a banner, held by putti, praising the patronage of the Frances Teresa Stuart, the Countess of Richmond and Lenox, who was the patroness of the illustrator.  If it weren't for the legend at the bottom of the page one might question exactly what is being depicted.

The Eighteeenth- and Nineteenth Centuries

This non-miraculous interpretation of the rainbow event is especially true from the beginning of the eighteenth century to the present, with a few notable exceptions.

     The Eighteenth Century

Elias van Nijmegen, The Sacrifice of Noah
Dutch, c. First Half of 18th Century
Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum

Circle of Carlo Antonio Carlone, The Sacrifice of Noah
Italian, c. 1701-1715
Lambach (AU), Benedictine Monastery of Saint Florian, Ambulatory

Jan Luyken, The Sacrifice of Noah_
From Historiae Celebriores Veteris Testamenti
Dutch, 1708_Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum

This book illustration by Jan Luyken appears to have been the inspiration for the anonymous painting below.  Book illustrations and prints were often used by patrons and artists in planning other works of art.

The Sacrifice of Noah
German, c. 1700-1750
Schwäbisch Hall, City Hall

Caspar Luyken, The Sacrifice of Noah
Dutch, 1712
Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum

Francesco Fernandi, The Sacrifice of Noah_
Italian, c. 1720
Stourhead, Wiltshire (UK), National Trust Collections

Jacopo Amigoni, The Sacrifice of Noah
Italian, 1728
Ottobeuren, Ottobeuren Benedictine Monastery Chapel

Saverio Grue, The Sacrifice of Noah
Painted ceramic plaque
Italian (Caserta), c. 1755
London, Trustees of the British Museum

Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, The Sacrifice of Noah
From the Macklin Bible, Vol. 1-4
French, 1794
Nashville, Vanderbilt University, Jean and Alexander Heard Library

    The Nineteenth Century

Joseph Anton Koch, The Sacrifice of Noah
German, 1803
Frankfurt (Main), Städel Museum

Joseph Anton Koch, The Sacrifice of Noah
German, 1814
Berlin, Nationalgalerie der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin

Early nineteenth century images of the subject continue the basic narrative style that had been established in the Renaissance.  However, during the course of the new century other ideas of how to depict things appeared.  High drama entered the narrative, fueled by ideas of the sublime that were expounded by the early Romantic movement.  Therefore, images of the rainbow's appearance take on an air of grand opera, which was also developing at this time (think about the change from Mozart's Marriage of Figaro with its domestic setting to Verdi's Aida with its spectacular processions and temple scenes for example).

John Martin, The Covenant
From Illustrations to the Bible
English, 1832
London, Tate Gallery

Daniel Maclise, Noah's Sacrifice
Irish, c. 1847-1853
Leeds, Leeds Art Gallery

Wilhelm Obermann after Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Noah's Sacrifice
From Die Bible in Bildern, Plate 19
German, 1852- 1860
Hamburg, Hamburger Kunsthalle

Ludwig Gloetzle, Sacrifice of Noah
German, c. 1888-1891
Salzburg, Cathedral of Saints Rupert and Virgil

Other influences also exerted their own impact on the imagination of artists, such as the medievalism of Viollet-le-Duc's "restoration" of Notre Dame de Paris or the lure of the romantic primitive  worked on the imagination by thoughts and beliefs about the natives of the Americas or the inhabitants of the Scottish highlands or of the classical world encouraged by the development of archaeology.  All of these influences appear in images of Noah and God's covenant with him.

Jean Bataille, The Sacrifice of Noah
Flemish, c. 1841
Ghent, Museum voor Schone Kunsten

Steinheil, The Sacrifice of Noah
French, Middle of the 19th Century
Paris, Sainte Chapelle

Frederick James Shields, Stained Glass Design
English, c. 1900-1910
Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton Art Gallery

The Twentieth and the Twenty-First Centuries*

A Notable Exception

I mentioned that there was a notable exception to the trend of removing the image of God from the depictions of the appearance of the rainbow.  Here it is.  It was created in 1923 by the German artist Lovis Corinth and is quite different in tone from its predecessors.  Instead of God appearing in the sky, he stands side by side wth Noah, pointing to the bow he has set in the heavens as a reminder of his pact with humans and all other creatures.

Lovis Corinth, The Rainbow
German, 1923
Chicago, Art Institute

However, this seems to be a solitary exception.  The figure of God has basically been removed from the visual language of this important biblical story.

Kundry Niederhausen, Noah's Ark Window
Swiss, 2014
Raperswilen, Evangelical Church

And so it is today.  The story of Noah is there, but only the mark of the covenant appears, not the maker. 

 

Maybe it’s time for a new beginning.

 

© M. Duffy, 2024

 * Please note that the images shown here are not entirely representative of the work of the last two centuries.  There may be other recent images of this subject for which picture are not available due to copyright restrictions.  Please also note that any work of art dated between 1922 and the present is still in copyright and the rights to reproduction belong to the copyright owner.

Excerpts from the Lectionary for Mass for Use in the Dioceses of the United States of America, second typical edition © 2001, 1998, 1997, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc., Washington, DC. Used with permission. All rights reserved. No portion of this text may be reproduced by any means without permission in writing from the copyright owner.