 |
| Limbourg Brothers, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From the Tres riches heures du Duc de Berry Flemish, c. 1411-1415 Chantilly, Musée Condé MS 65, fol. 168v |
“When Jesus heard of the death of
John the Baptist,
he withdrew in a boat to a
deserted place by himself.
The crowds heard of this and
followed him on foot from their towns.
When he disembarked and saw the
vast crowd,
his heart was moved with pity for
them, and he cured their sick.
When it was evening, the
disciples approached him and said,
“This is a deserted place and it
is already late;
dismiss the crowds so that they
can go to the villages
and buy food for themselves.”
Jesus said to them, “There is no
need for them to go away;
give them some food yourselves.”
But they said to him,
“Five loaves and two fish are all
we have here.”
Then he said, “Bring them here to
me, ”
and he ordered the crowds to sit
down on the grass.
Taking the five loaves and the
two fish, and looking up to heaven,
he said the blessing, broke the
loaves,
and gave them to the disciples,
who in turn gave them to the
crowds.
They all ate and were satisfied,
and they picked up the fragments
left over—
twelve wicker baskets full.
Those who ate were about five
thousand men,
not counting women and children.”
Matthew 14:13-21 Gospel for the Eighteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time,
Year A
Of all the miracles Jesus performed during his public ministry this is
the only one which all four evangelists include in their Gospels. Matthew and Mark actually mention two such
incidents, Luke and John mention one.1 Consequently, the Evangelists
must have considered that it contains something which it is important for
people to know.
In recent years there
has been a rather silly attempt to reinterpret it as a non-miraculous event by
some preachers who apparently feel uncomfortable with the concept of a miracle,
especially if it involves creating a mysterious physical abundance from scanty
resources. So, I have been told in more
than one homily that the bread and fish didn’t really multiply, but that the
gesture of trying to distribute the few loaves and fish shamed people into
bringing out and sharing the picnic items that the crowd had been hiding and so
the “real” miracle was that people shared the food.2 Besides
sounding ridiculous, this attitude completely misses the fact that the FOUR
Evangelists decided that the incident was important for their individual
audiences to pay attention to. This suggests
that they believed it had something important to convey.
Throughout the centuries it has generally been understood that the multiplication of the loaves
and fish has some very specific resonances.
One resounds with the Old Testament story of the Manna in the desert. During their sojourn in the wilderness, the
Israelites complained to Moses about their lack of food in a desolate
region. In response to Moses’ prayer God
sent down a substance called manna, which appeared on the ground every
morning. The Israelites were able to
collect and store this food which sustained them for their wanderings.
The other resonance is to the new bread of the New Testament, that
bread which is the Body of Christ and which is “real food” and “living bread”.
The link between these two is the person of Jesus, the new Moses. It is his actions and his prayers that make
the miracle happen. And, the miracle
identifies him as the more-than-human Person and points the way to the even
greater miracles of the Resurrection and the Eucharist.3
That this is the case is shown clearly in the early depiction of the
multiplication of the loaves and fish in Christian art.4
The Early Images
The earliest images come from a very early period in Christian art,
both in the Holy Land and in Rome. The
earliest that we know of comes to us from the Catacomb of Saint Callixtus, used
as a Christian cemetery from the Third Century.
It presents a picture of the elements of the story, a fish and a basket
of five loaves of bread, a detail that has obvious references to this miracle. Therefore, we know that by the Third Century
this miracle was well known and could be referenced with this visual
shorthand.
 |
| Bread and fish Roman, Third Century Rome, Catacomb of Saint Callixtus |
A strikingly related mosaic in what has become known as the Church of
the Multiplication at Tabgha, Israel on the Sea of Galilee, was executed in the
late Fifth Century when an earlier (Fourth Century) church was remodeled.
 |
| Mosaic of Bread and Fish Late Antique (Israel), c. 480 Tabgha, Chrch of the Loaves and Fishes |
By the time that Constantine I legalized Christian worship and began
the construction of the first great Christian basilicas to serve as churches,
wealthier Christians were already incorporating this miracle into the
decoration of their funeral sarcophagi.
 |
| Sarcophagus Frontal with Jesus blessing bread and fish Roman, 3rd-4th Century Vatican City, Vatican Museums, Pio-Clemintino Museum
The beardless, youthful, curly-haired Jesus blesses the bread and fish, while at his feet stand six baskets filled with the leftovers, while a man and woman knee in adoration. The heads of two disciples also appear in this detail.
|
 |
| Sarcophagus frontal with Jesus blessing the loaves and fish Roman, Late 3rd-Early 4th Century Vatican City, Vatican Museums, Museo Pio-Clementino |
 |
| Sarcophagus frontal with Jesus Blessing the Loaves and Fish Roman, Late 3rd-Early 4th Century Vatican City, Vatican Museums, Museo Pio-Clementino |
 |
| Sarcophagus frontal with Jesus Blessing the Loaves and Fish Roman, Late 3rd-Early 4th Century Vatican City, Vatican Museums, Museo Pio-Clementino |
In the second half of the Fourth Century, the miracle was appearing on
luxury items like this gold-figured glass plaque.
 |
| Gold Glass Medallion with Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Roman, Late Fourth Century Vatican City, Vatican Museums, Museo Cristiano |
In 432 the famous wooden doors of the church of Santa Sabine in Rome
were decorated with the miracle.
 |
| Detail of Doors of Basilica of Santa Sabina (showing from top Healing of the Blind Man, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes, Miracle of Cana) Roman, 432 Rome, Church of Santa Sabina Jesus is given a pointer to assist his blessing gesture, the fish are at his feet and the loaves are actually shown in baskets. |
From the period around the year 500 the subject appears in many items
made of ivory as well as mosaic.
 |
| Ivory Plaque with Christ Blessing the Bread and Fish From the Throne of Maximian (Bishop's Chair) Byzantine, 6th Century Ravenna, Museo Arcivescovile |
A second image from the Throne of Maximian shows seated members of the crowd receiving bread. One member may be a woman. The figure appears to have some kind of veil like head covering.
 |
| Ivory Plaque with Members of the Crowd Receiving the Bread and Fish From the Throne of Maximian (Bishop's Chair) Byzantine, 6th Century Ravenna, Museo Arcivescovile |
 |
| Mosaic with Christ Blessing the Bread and Fish Late Antique, 6th Century Ravenna, Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo |
One of these items, a pyxis, probably has a strong association with the
Eucharistic celebration and the consecrated bread, which is the Body of
Christ. A pyxis is used to store Hosts,
the consecrated Bread itself. Therefore,
the subject chosen to decorate it would be understood as having a direct
relationship with the Eucharist. The pyxis now in the Metropolitan Museum depicts the story in some detail, with figures running all around the exterior. For reasons of space I will show just three images from the continuous band.
 |
| Pyxis with the Miracle of the Multiplication of the Loaves, Jesus Blesses the Bread and Fish Byzantine (North Africa), 6th Century New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art |
 |
| Pyxis with the Miracle of the Multiplication of the Loaves, Disciples Distributing the Bread Byzantine (North Africa), 6th Century New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art |
 |
| Pyxis with the Miracle of the Multiplication of the Loaves, Disciples Distributing the Bread While One Disciple Gathers the Fragments Byzantine (North Africa), 6th Century New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art |
By the middle of the Sixth Century (ca. 550) it appears in early
Byzantine manuscript illumination.
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From the Sinope Gospels Byzantine (Syrian or Anatolian), Second Half of Sixth Century Paris,Bibliotheque nationale de France MS Supplement grec 1286, fol. 11 |
The Middle Ages
During the European Middle Ages, the subject appeared widely in all
media from ivories, to manuscripts, to metalwork, to sculpture and to stained
glass, mosaic and tapestry.
 |
| The Andrews Diptych Italian, Early 9th Century London, Victoria and Albert Museum |
 |
| Ivory Plaque with Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish German, End of the 10th Century Paris, Musée du Louvre
This image includes the detail of the boy who provides the bread and fish, a detail found only in John's account of this miracle (John 6:5-14).
|
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From the Gospels of Otto III, German (Reichenau), c. 1000 Munich, Bayerisches Staatsbibliothek MS BSB Clm 4453, fol. 163 |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From the Bernward Column German, c. 1020 Hildesheim, Church of Saint Mary |
 |
| Relief of the Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish French (Romanesque) c. 116-1155 Issoire, Church of Saint-Austremoine |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From the Prayer Book of Hildegard of Bingen German, c. 1180 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek MS BSB Clm 935, fol. 24v |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From a Picture Bible French (St. Omer), c. 1190-1200 The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek MS KB 76 F 5, fol. 14r |
 |
| Bronze relief of the Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Italian, c. 1200-1250 Benevento, Church of Santa Sofia |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish French, Late 12th-Early 13th Century London, Victoria and Albert Museum |
 |
| Martyrdom of John the Baptist and the Miracle of Loaves From a Psalter English (Oxford), c. 1200-1225 London, British Library MS Arundel 157, fol. 7
This illumination links the miracle with the death of John the Baptist, which is referred to in the opening line of Matthew's Gospel for today, as well as in Mark's Gospel (Mark 6). This is also the first time we are seeing a table which, though illogical, begins to appear in some images.
|
 |
| Queen Mary Master, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From The Queen Mary Psalter English (London), c. 1310-1320 London, British Library MS Royal 2 B VII, fol. 169
In this picture Jesus begins to join in the distribution of the bread rather than simply to bless it. This action will gain momentum.
|
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From Sermons by Maurice de Sully Italian (Milan or Genoa), c. 1320-1330 Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France MS Francais 187, fol. 20 |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From The Taymouth Hours English (London), c. 1325-1350_ London, British Library MS Yates Thompson 13, fol. 102 |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From Vies de la vierge et du Christ Italian (Naples), c. 1350 Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France MS Francais 9561, fol. 157
For the first time we can definitely say that women and children are included in the picture. Both of Matthew's two accounts of this miracle mention women and children (Matthew 14:13-21 and 15:32-38), as does Mark 6:32-44). Luke and John do not specifically mention women and children, but one may assume that they were there as well.
|
 |
| Jean Bondol and Collaborators, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From Grande Bible Historiale Complétée by Guiard des Moulins French (Paris), c. 1371-1372 The Hague, Meermano Museum MS RMMW 10 B 23, fol. 485v |
 |
| Giovanni di Benedetto and Workshop, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From a Missal Italian (Milan), c. 1385-1390 Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France MS Latin 757, fol. 315v |
 |
| Baldassare Embriachi, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From Predella with Scenes from the Life of Christ and the Virgin Italian, c. 1390-1400 London, Victoria and Albert Museum |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From Liber pereginationis by Ricoldo de Montecroce French (Paris), c. 1410-1412 Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From the Ottheinrich Bible German (Regensburg), c. 1430 Munich, Bayerisches Staatsbibliothek MS BSB-Hss Cgm 8010(2), fol. 56 |
 |
| Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From Mirrour of the blessed lyf of Jesu Christ and other Devotional texts by Nicholas Love English, c. 1435-1446 New York, Pierpont Morgan Library
Apparently this artist thought that Jesus and the disciples traveled with portable banquet tables, just in case!
|
 |
| Master of the Asteler Windows, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish German, 1449 Ulm, Monastery of Our Lady |
The Renaissance
With the advent of the Renaissance panel paintings and paintings on
canvas were added to the mix of media that depicted the miracle of the
multiplication of the loaves and fish. In addition, the inclusion of the boy, taken from John's Gospel account, becomes more common.
 |
| Jean Colombe, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From Vita Jesu Christi by Ludolph of Saxony French (Bourges), c. 1475-1500 Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France |
 |
| Peter Hemmel, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish German, c. 1475-1480 Berlin, Kunstgewerbemuseum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin |
 |
| lemish Boethiius, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish From La vie de notre seigneur Jhesucrist by Jean Aubert Flemish, 1479 London, British Library MS Royal 16 G III, fol. 86
In this somewhat unusual depiction, the loaves of bread have been placed neatly on the ground, with a fish placed on top of each one. The prayerful attitude of the crowd reinforces the Eucharistic reference and the fact that Jesus and on of the disciples wear aprons emphasizes Christ's call to service.
|
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| Alabaster Panel, of the Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Ecouen, Musée national de la Renaissance |
 |
| Jan Van den Berghe, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Leuven, M Museum |
 |
| Hans Holbein the Elder, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish with Donors Munich, Bayerische Staatsgemaeldesammlungen, Alte Pinakothek
This wing from an altarpiece is divided into two distinct areas. The main area depicts the Multiplication, while the lower area depicts the donor and the male members of his family in prayer.
|
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| Master of the Antwerp Adoration, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Private Collection |
 |
Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish
Flemish, 1520Reims, Musée des Beaux-Arts The boy in this depiction presents a very large fish to Jesus. |
 |
| Mathis Gerung, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish German, c. 1530-1532 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek MS BSB Cgm 8010(4), fol. 120 |
 |
| Jan Swart van Groningen, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Strasbourg. Musée des Beaux-Arts |
 |
| Jacopo Tintoretto, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Italian, c. 1545-1550 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art |
 |
| Lambert Lombard, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Antwerp, Rockox House |
 |
| Jacopo Tintoretto, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Venice, Scuola Grande di San Rocco |
 |
| Francesco Bassano the Younger, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish St. Petersburg, State Hermitage Museum
In this image Jesus is hard to find. The majority of the canvas is covered with the picture of the crowd, even including dogs. The most important action in the picture is taking place in the upper right, where Jesus can just about be made out by the radiance surrounding his head.
|
 |
| Abraham Bloemaert, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Edinburgh, National Galleries of Scotland
There are obvious similarities to the Bassano painting above here. Jesus is actually in the center of the picture, in darkness. He is pointed to by two figures, one in the foreground and one in the background. He is seated, as a disciple presents the bread and the boy with the fish, but only the back of his head is illuminated.
|
The Baroque and Later
Clarity returned with the Baroque period, beginning in years around the start of the seventeenth century. In that century and on into the
eighteenth and nineteenth century, the subject remained popular among artists
in all media.
 |
| Attributed to Frans Francken the Younger or a Follower, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Barnard Castle (County Durham, UK), The Bowes Museum
Although Francken and his circle do retain some Mannerist touches, at least one can tell which are the most important figures in the composition.
|
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| Boethius Bolswert, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum |
 |
| Coenraed van Norenberch, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Flemish, c. 1600-1613 London, Victoria and Albert Museum |
 |
| Frencisco Herrera the Elder, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Castres,Musée Goya |
 |
| Willem van Nieulandt II, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Trier, Städtisches Museum Simeonstift |
 |
| Giovanni Lanfranco, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Dublin, National Gallery of Ireland |
 |
| Jacob de Wet the Elder, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish St. Petersburg, State Hermitage Museum |
 |
| Francois Spierre After Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish London, British Museum |
 |
| Luca Giordano, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Würzburg, Martin von Wagner Museum der Universität |
 |
| Carlo Wendelin Anreiter (painter) on Chinese porcelain cup, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish London, British Museum |
 |
| Gregorio Guglielmi, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Rome, Former Convent of Sant'Agostino |
 |
| Thaddaeus Kuntz, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Genazzano, Sanctuary of the Madonna del Buon Consiglio, Refectory |
 |
| Anonymous Spanish Painter, Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado |
 |
| James Tissot. Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish New York, Brooklyn Museum |
 |
| Atelier of Charles Lorin, The Promise of the Eucharist French, c. 1912-1914 New York, Eglise Saint Jean Baptiste |
 |
| Salvador Dali, Eucharistic Still Life Spanish, 1952 Private Collection |
 |
| Unknown Sculptor, Tabernacle with Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish Neumuenster, Tungendorf, Holy Cross Church, Choir |
This has continued right up into the twentieth and twenty-first century, for the
importance of the miraculous feeding of the multitude (whether it happened once,
twice or even more times) with its resonances in both the Old and the New
Testaments and its close association with the Eucharist, which is celebrated
every day, guarantee that it is a subject that remains very much alive in
Christian iconography.
©
M. Duffy, 2020
Excerpts from the Lectionary
for Mass for Use in the Dioceses of the United States of America, second
typical edition © 2001, 1998, 1997, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of
Christian Doctrine, Inc., Washington, DC. Used with permission. All rights
reserved. No portion of this text may be reproduced by any means without
permission in writing from the copyright owner.
Scripture texts in this work
are taken from the New American Bible, revised edition © 2010, 1991, 1986, 1970
Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Washington, D.C. and are used by
permission of the copyright owner. All Rights Reserved. No part of the New
American Bible may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from
the copyright owner.
1. Matthew 14:13-21(the passage
for this week) and Matthew 15:32-38.
Mark 6:38-44 and Mark 8:1-9. Luke
9:11-17. John 6:1-14. All can be accessed at the United State
Conference of Catholic Bishops Bible website (http://www.usccb.org/bible/books-of-the-bible/index.cfm)
or at the Vatican Resource Library website (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/_INDEX.HTM).
2. Presumably this attitude is
the result of an incompletely digested intellectual nibble in the works of the
post-World War II German Lutheran theology, which was fashionable
in the late 1960s and 1970s. Deriving
from such men as Rudolf Bultmann, the attempt to “demythologize” the New
Testament scriptures reduced these texts in some minds to the level of “fairy
stories” that offered nothing but completely commonplace events, with no
transcendental elements, and certainly no supernatural ones.
3. For the iconography of the Israelites receiving the manna see:
Prefiguring Salvation –Manna in the Desert and the Bread From Heaven, Parts I, II and III of this blog.
4. Recent comments by our
current Pope and the Pope Emeritus reinforce these points:
Pope Francis: Angelus
commentaries on August 2, 2014; July 26, 2015; August 2, 2020
Pope Benedict XVI: Angelus
commentaries on August 10, 2008; July 26, 2009; July 31, 2011; July 29, 2012
All these references are available on the Vatican website. Go to http://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html and follow the links for each Pope.
5. See Picturing
the Bible: The Earliest Christian Art. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the
Kimball Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas from November 18, 2007 to March 30, 2008,
edited by Jeffrey Spier with contributions from Mary Charles-Murray, Johannes
G. Deckers, Steven Fine, Robin M. Jensen and Herbert L. Kessler. New Haven and London, Yale University Press
in Association with the Kimball Art Museum, Fort Worth, 2007.
6. For more on Mannerism in both the North and in Italy see: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History at https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/mannerism/
6. For more on Mannerism in both the North and in Italy see: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History at https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/mannerism/
